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CWE-22 (对路径名的限制不恰当(路径遍历)) — Vulnerability Class 3432

3432 vulnerabilities classified as CWE-22 (对路径名的限制不恰当(路径遍历)). AI Chinese analysis included.

CWE-22 represents a critical input validation weakness where software fails to properly sanitize external input before constructing file paths. Attackers typically exploit this vulnerability by injecting directory traversal sequences, such as “../”, into user-supplied parameters. These malicious inputs allow the application to resolve file references outside the intended restricted directory, potentially granting unauthorized access to sensitive system files, configuration data, or source code. To mitigate this risk, developers must implement rigorous input validation techniques, ensuring that all path components are strictly checked against allowed characters and structures. Additionally, employing canonicalization to resolve symbolic links and relative paths before validation, combined with strict chroot jails or sandboxing, effectively confines file operations to designated directories, thereby neutralizing the potential for path traversal attacks and preserving system integrity.

MITRE CWE Description
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory. Many file operations are intended to take place within a restricted directory. By using special elements such as ".." and "/" separators, attackers can escape outside of the restricted location to access files or directories that are elsewhere on the system. One of the most common special elements is the "../" sequence, which in most modern operating systems is interpreted as the parent directory of the current location. This is referred to as relative path traversal. Path traversal also covers the use of absolute pathnames such as "/usr/local/bin" to access unexpected files. This is referred to as absolute path traversal.
Common Consequences (4)
Integrity, Confidentiality, AvailabilityExecute Unauthorized Code or Commands
The attacker may be able to create or overwrite critical files that are used to execute code, such as programs or libraries.
IntegrityModify Files or Directories
The attacker may be able to overwrite or create critical files, such as programs, libraries, or important data. If the targeted file is used for a security mechanism, then the attacker may be able to bypass that mechanism. For example, appending a new account at the end of a password file may allow …
ConfidentialityRead Files or Directories
The attacker may be able read the contents of unexpected files and expose sensitive data. If the targeted file is used for a security mechanism, then the attacker may be able to bypass that mechanism. For example, by reading a password file, the attacker could conduct brute force password guessing a…
AvailabilityDoS: Crash, Exit, or Restart
The attacker may be able to overwrite, delete, or corrupt unexpected critical files such as programs, libraries, or important data. This may prevent the product from working at all and in the case of protection mechanisms such as authentication, it has the potential to lock out product users.
Mitigations (5)
ImplementationAssume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does. When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range…
Architecture and DesignFor any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
ImplementationInputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath(…
Architecture and DesignUse a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
OperationUse an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Effectiveness: Moderate
Examples (2)
The following code could be for a social networking application in which each user's profile information is stored in a separate file. All files are stored in a single directory.
my $dataPath = "/users/cwe/profiles"; my $username = param("user"); my $profilePath = $dataPath . "/" . $username; open(my $fh, "<", $profilePath) || ExitError("profile read error: $profilePath"); print "<ul>\n"; while (<$fh>) { print "<li>$_</li>\n"; } print "</ul>\n";
Bad · Perl
../../../etc/passwd
Attack
In the example below, the path to a dictionary file is read from a system property and used to initialize a File object.
String filename = System.getProperty("com.domain.application.dictionaryFile"); File dictionaryFile = new File(filename);
Bad · Java
CVE IDTitleCVSSSeverityPublished
CVE-2026-25964 Tandoor Recipes Affected by Authenticated Local File Disclosure (LFD) via Recipe Import leads to Arbitrary File Read — recipes 4.9 Medium2026-02-13
CVE-2026-21878 BACnet Stack Improperly Limits Pathnames to a Restricted Directory — bacnet-stack 7.5 High2026-02-13
CVE-2019-25333 Bullwark Momentum Series JAWS 1.0 - 'Momentum Series JAWS' Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') — Momentum Series JAWS 7.5 High2026-02-12
CVE-2026-26217 Crawl4AI < 0.8.0 Docker API Local File Inclusion via file URL Handling — Crawl4AI 8.6 High2026-02-12
CVE-2025-15577 Valmet DNA Web server arbitrary file read access — Valmet DNA Web Tools 7.5AIHighAI2026-02-12
CVE-2020-37214 Voyager 1.3.0 - Directory Traversal — Voyager 7.5 High2026-02-11
CVE-2026-25062 Outline Affected an Arbitrary File Read via Path Traversal in JSON Import — outline 5.5 Medium2026-02-11
CVE-2026-25869 MiniGal Nano <= 0.3.5 Path Traversal via dir Parameter — MiniGal Nano 5.3AIMediumAI2026-02-11
CVE-2025-54162 File Station 5 — File Station 5 6.5AIMediumAI2026-02-11
CVE-2025-58470 Qsync Central — Qsync Central 7.5AIHighAI2026-02-11
CVE-2025-62853 File Station 5 — File Station 5 6.5AIMediumAI2026-02-11
CVE-2025-62855 File Station 5 — File Station 5 5.5AIMediumAI2026-02-11
CVE-2025-62856 File Station 5 — File Station 5 5.5AIMediumAI2026-02-11
CVE-2025-66278 File Station 5 — File Station 5 6.5AIMediumAI2026-02-11
CVE-2025-68406 Qsync Central — Qsync Central 7.5AIHighAI2026-02-11
CVE-2026-22894 File Station 5 — File Station 5 6.5AIMediumAI2026-02-11
CVE-2026-25872 JUNG Smart Panel 5.1 KNX Unauthenticated Path Traversal — JUNG Smart Panel 5.1 KNX 5.3 Medium2026-02-10
CVE-2026-25992 SiYuan has a File Read Interface Case Bypass Vulnerability — siyuan 7.5 High2026-02-10
CVE-2026-0651 Path Traversal on TP-Link Tapo D235 and C260 via Local https — Tapo C260 v1 6.1AIMediumAI2026-02-10
CVE-2025-12757 Axis Camera Station Pro 安全漏洞 — AXIS Camera Station Pro 4.6 Medium2026-02-10
CVE-2026-25895 FUXA Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution via Arbitrary File Write in Upload API — FUXA 7.5AIHighAI2026-02-09
CVE-2026-25951 FUXA has a Path Traversal Sanitization Bypass — FUXA 7.2AIHighAI2026-02-09
CVE-2026-22905 Authentication Bypass via URI Traversal — 0852-1322 7.5 High2026-02-09
CVE-2026-2216 rachelos WeRSS we-mp-rss tools.py download_export_file path traversal — WeRSS we-mp-rss 4.3 Medium2026-02-09
CVE-2026-2111 JeecgBoot Retrieval-Augmented Generation edit path traversal — JeecgBoot 4.3 Medium2026-02-07
CVE-2026-25760 Website Path Traversal / Arbitrary File Read (Authenticated) in Sliver — sliver 6.5 Medium2026-02-06
CVE-2026-25732 NiceGUI's Path Traversal via Unsanitized FileUpload.name Enables Arbitrary File Write — nicegui 7.5 High2026-02-06
CVE-2026-25592 Semantic Kernel has an Arbitrary File Write via AI Agent Function Calling in .NET SDK — semantic-kernel 10.0 Critical2026-02-06
CVE-2026-25635 calibre has a Path Traversal Leading to Arbitrary File Write and Potential Code Execution — calibre 8.6 High2026-02-06
CVE-2026-25636 calibre has a Path Traversal Leading to Arbitrary File Corruption and Code Execution — calibre 8.2 High2026-02-06

Vulnerabilities classified as CWE-22 (对路径名的限制不恰当(路径遍历)) represent 3432 CVEs. The CWE taxonomy describes the weakness; review individual CVEs for product-specific impact.