CWE-77 (在命令中使用的特殊元素转义处理不恰当(命令注入)) — Vulnerability Class 1223

CWE-77 represents a critical input validation weakness where software constructs commands using untrusted data without properly sanitizing special characters. Attackers typically exploit this by injecting malicious payloads, such as semicolons or pipe operators, into user-supplied fields to alter the intended command structure. This allows them to execute arbitrary system commands, potentially leading to full system compromise, data exfiltration, or denial of service. To prevent such vulnerabilities, developers must strictly validate and sanitize all external inputs, ensuring that only expected data formats are processed. Utilizing parameterized APIs or safe command execution libraries instead of direct string concatenation significantly reduces risk. Additionally, implementing the principle of least privilege for application processes limits the potential impact of successful injection attempts, thereby enhancing overall system security against command injection attacks.