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CWE-22 (对路径名的限制不恰当(路径遍历)) — Vulnerability Class 3481

3481 vulnerabilities classified as CWE-22 (对路径名的限制不恰当(路径遍历)). AI Chinese analysis included.

CWE-22 represents a critical input validation weakness where software fails to properly sanitize external input before constructing file paths. Attackers typically exploit this vulnerability by injecting directory traversal sequences, such as “../”, into user-supplied parameters. These malicious inputs allow the application to resolve file references outside the intended restricted directory, potentially granting unauthorized access to sensitive system files, configuration data, or source code. To mitigate this risk, developers must implement rigorous input validation techniques, ensuring that all path components are strictly checked against allowed characters and structures. Additionally, employing canonicalization to resolve symbolic links and relative paths before validation, combined with strict chroot jails or sandboxing, effectively confines file operations to designated directories, thereby neutralizing the potential for path traversal attacks and preserving system integrity.

MITRE CWE Description
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory. Many file operations are intended to take place within a restricted directory. By using special elements such as ".." and "/" separators, attackers can escape outside of the restricted location to access files or directories that are elsewhere on the system. One of the most common special elements is the "../" sequence, which in most modern operating systems is interpreted as the parent directory of the current location. This is referred to as relative path traversal. Path traversal also covers the use of absolute pathnames such as "/usr/local/bin" to access unexpected files. This is referred to as absolute path traversal.
Common Consequences (4)
Integrity, Confidentiality, AvailabilityExecute Unauthorized Code or Commands
The attacker may be able to create or overwrite critical files that are used to execute code, such as programs or libraries.
IntegrityModify Files or Directories
The attacker may be able to overwrite or create critical files, such as programs, libraries, or important data. If the targeted file is used for a security mechanism, then the attacker may be able to bypass that mechanism. For example, appending a new account at the end of a password file may allow …
ConfidentialityRead Files or Directories
The attacker may be able read the contents of unexpected files and expose sensitive data. If the targeted file is used for a security mechanism, then the attacker may be able to bypass that mechanism. For example, by reading a password file, the attacker could conduct brute force password guessing a…
AvailabilityDoS: Crash, Exit, or Restart
The attacker may be able to overwrite, delete, or corrupt unexpected critical files such as programs, libraries, or important data. This may prevent the product from working at all and in the case of protection mechanisms such as authentication, it has the potential to lock out product users.
Mitigations (5)
ImplementationAssume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does. When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range…
Architecture and DesignFor any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
ImplementationInputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath(…
Architecture and DesignUse a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
OperationUse an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Effectiveness: Moderate
Examples (2)
The following code could be for a social networking application in which each user's profile information is stored in a separate file. All files are stored in a single directory.
my $dataPath = "/users/cwe/profiles"; my $username = param("user"); my $profilePath = $dataPath . "/" . $username; open(my $fh, "<", $profilePath) || ExitError("profile read error: $profilePath"); print "<ul>\n"; while (<$fh>) { print "<li>$_</li>\n"; } print "</ul>\n";
Bad · Perl
../../../etc/passwd
Attack
In the example below, the path to a dictionary file is read from a system property and used to initialize a File object.
String filename = System.getProperty("com.domain.application.dictionaryFile"); File dictionaryFile = new File(filename);
Bad · Java
CVE IDTitleCVSSSeverityPublished
CVE-2026-27825 MCP Atlassian has an arbitrary file write leading to arbitrary code execution via unconstrained download_path in confluence_download_attachment — mcp-atlassian 9.1 Critical2026-03-10
CVE-2026-30973 Zip Slip arbitrary file write in @appium/support ZIP extraction — support 6.5 Medium2026-03-10
CVE-2026-30958 OneUptime: Path Traversal — Arbitrary File Read (No Auth) — oneuptime 7.2 High2026-03-10
CVE-2025-54659 Fortinet FortiSOAR Agent Communication Bridge 路径遍历漏洞 — FortiSOAR Agent Communication Bridge 5.5 Medium2026-03-10
CVE-2026-30942 Flare has a Path Traversal in /api/avatars/[filename] — Flare 6.5AIMediumAI2026-03-10
CVE-2026-2741 Zip Slip Path Traversal on Node Unpack — vaadin 6.7AIMediumAI2026-03-10
CVE-2026-23907 Apache PDFBox Examples: Path Traversal in PDFBox ExtractEmbeddedFiles Example Code — Apache PDFBox Examples 7.1 -2026-03-10
CVE-2026-3585 The Events Calendar <= 6.15.17 - Authenticated (Author+) Arbitrary File Read via ajax_create_import — The Events Calendar 7.5 High2026-03-10
CVE-2026-30869 SiYuan has a Path Traversal in /export Endpoint Allows Arbitrary File Read and Secret Leakage — siyuan 9.3 Critical2026-03-09
CVE-2026-31802 node-tar Symlink Path Traversal via Drive-Relative Linkpath — node-tar 7.5AIHighAI2026-03-09
CVE-2026-1776 Camaleon CMS AWS Uploader Authenticated Path Traversal Arbitrary File Read — Camaleon CMS 6.5AIMediumAI2026-03-09
CVE-2026-30240 Budibase PWA ZIP Upload Path Traversal Allows Reading Arbitrary Server Files Including All Environment Secrets — budibase 9.6 Critical2026-03-09
CVE-2026-3089 Actual Sync Server 26.2.1 - Authenticated Path Traversal — Actual Sync Server 6.5AIMediumAI2026-03-09
CVE-2025-41758 Arbitrary Write with wwwupload.cgi — UBR-01 Mk II 8.8 High2026-03-09
CVE-2025-41757 Arbitrary Write with ubr-restore — UBR-01 Mk II 8.8 High2026-03-09
CVE-2025-41755 Arbitrary Read with ubr-logread — UBR-01 Mk II 6.5 Medium2026-03-09
CVE-2026-3795 doramart DoraCMS v1.js createFileBypath path traversal — DoraCMS 6.3 Medium2026-03-09
CVE-2026-3719 Tsinghua Unigroup Electronic Archives System downLoad path traversal — Electronic Archives System 5.3 Medium2026-03-08
CVE-2026-3695 SourceCodester Modern Image Gallery App delete.php path traversal — Modern Image Gallery App 6.5 Medium2026-03-08
CVE-2026-30848 Parse Server: `PagesRouter` path traversal allows reading files outside configured pages directory — parse-server 7.5 -2026-03-07
CVE-2026-29786 node-tar: Hardlink Path Traversal via Drive-Relative Linkpath — node-tar 7.5 -2026-03-07
CVE-2026-29780 eml_parser: Path Traversal in Official Example Script Leading to Arbitrary File Write — eml_parser 5.5 Medium2026-03-07
CVE-2026-29190 Karapace: Path Traversal in Backup Reader — karapace 4.1 Medium2026-03-07
CVE-2026-29185 @backstage/integration: Potential reading of SCM URLs using built in token — backstage 2.7 Low2026-03-07
CVE-2025-14675 Meta Box <= 5.11.1 - Authenticated (Contributor+) Arbitrary File Deletion — Meta Box 7.2 High2026-03-07
CVE-2026-29790 dbt-common: commonprefix() doesn't protect against path traversal — dbt-common 7.5 -2026-03-06
CVE-2026-29064 Zarf: Symlink targets in archives are not validated against destination directory — zarf 8.2 High2026-03-06
CVE-2018-25194 Nominas 0.27 SQL Injection via username Parameter — Nominas 8.2 High2026-03-06
CVE-2018-25184 Surreal ToDo 0.6.1.2 Local File Inclusion via index.php — Surreal ToDo 6.2 Medium2026-03-06
CVE-2018-25181 Musicco 2.0.0 Arbitrary Directory Download via Path Traversal — Musicco 7.5 High2026-03-06

Vulnerabilities classified as CWE-22 (对路径名的限制不恰当(路径遍历)) represent 3481 CVEs. The CWE taxonomy describes the weakness; review individual CVEs for product-specific impact.