CWE-201 (通过发送数据的信息暴露) — Vulnerability Class 356

CWE-201 represents an information exposure weakness where software inadvertently transmits sensitive data to unauthorized external actors. This vulnerability typically arises when developers fail to sanitize output streams, allowing credentials, personal identifiable information, or internal system states to leak through network logs, error messages, or API responses. Attackers exploit this by intercepting traffic or analyzing server-side feedback to harvest critical secrets, facilitating further unauthorized access or identity theft. To mitigate this risk, developers must implement strict data filtering and validation protocols before transmission. Utilizing secure logging frameworks that mask sensitive fields, employing encryption for data in transit, and conducting regular code reviews to identify accidental data leaks are essential practices. Ensuring that only necessary, non-sensitive information is shared with external entities significantly reduces the attack surface and protects user privacy.